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Cynthia Addai-Robinson plays a female warrior in the bloody Starz TV series Spartacus, which ran from 2010 to 2013.

Jean-Léon Gérôme’s 1872 painting “Pollice Verso,” meaning “turned thumb,” influenced many later gladiator portrayals.

The Ludus Magnus, in the shadow of Rome’s Colosseum, was a combination barracks and gym for gladiators in training.

The first gladiators may have been prisoners of war or criminals. By the time this scene was carved in the early third century A.D., most were volunteers.

This 1828 oil painting by French artist Paul Delaroche shows the death of Queen Elizabeth I.

Mary Stuart is portrayed receiving the death sentence from her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.

Portrait print of Queen Elizabeth I of England consenting to the execution of Marie Stuart, or Mary I Queen of Scots, in 1587

Elizabeth I, queen of England, wrote this execution verdict of Maria Stuart, Queen of Scotland, and stamped it with her seal.

Irish-American artist Marjorie Fitzgibbon made two bronze sculptures of James Joyce on public display in Dublin: a bust in St. Stephen's Green and a statue on North Earl Street, seen here.

A woman reads Ulysses at the James Joyce Centre in Dublin. The museum exhibits the door to the home of the novel’s fictional protagonist Leopold Bloom and his wife, Molly Tweedy. The door to number 7 Eccles Street was saved when the home was demolished in 1967.