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Bridgeman Images

Elizabeth I, surrounded by courtiers, on one of her regular summer “progresses” around her kingdom.

Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn required England’s tumultuous split from the pope and Rome. She gave birth to Elizabeth I in 1533. After she failed to produce a son, Henry had her executed in 1536.

A portrait of Elizabeth I (circa 1600) in the golden robes she wore at her coronation in 1559.

1822 drawing of traditional boats from Hawaii, then known to Europeans and Americans as the “Sandwich Islands.” Both drawings by Ludwig Choris (1795-1828).

This 1822 drawing shows traditional rowing boats used by the people of the Ratak islands, a chain within the present-day nation of the Marshall Islands.

A 1980s-era Planned Parenthood advertisement decrying a proposal before the U.S. Senate that would codify the belief that human life begins at conception. Activists and legislators who were dismayed by the Supreme Court’s Roe v. Wade ruling have spent years attempting to reverse it through constitutional amendments and other legislation.

Instruments used in illegal abortions, as depicted in 1935 in Woman, An Historical, Gynaecological and Anthropological Compendium. According to the Vienna-based Museum of Contraception and Abortion, when abortion is illegal doctors and women themselves tend to use whatever instruments are available to perform the procedure.

Margaret Jacobs accused her grandfather George Jacobs of being a witch, and the court in Salem executed him in 1692.

A Greek fifth-century B.C. vase portraying Circe, who enchanted Odysseus’s men on the island of Aeaea

A detail from the 18th-century B.C.E. Code of Hammurabi, with its list of laws, eye-for-an-eye punishments, and penalties for witchcraft